TRANSFORMASI STRUKTUR EKONOMI DAN PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA PEREMPUAN DI INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN ERROR CORRECTION MODEL PADA DATA PANEL 34 PROVINSI, 2020-2024

Rhena J; Retno Fitrianti; Riski Aprilianti  Baharuddin; Rusli  Rusli

doi:10.34127/jrlab.v14i3.1950

Authors

Rhena J Universitas Muhammadiyah Mamuju
Retno Fitrianti Universitas Hasanuddin
Riski Aprilianti Baharuddin Universitas Patompo
Rusli Universitas Muhammadiyah Mamuju

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34127/jrlab.v14i3.1950

Keywords:

Economic Structure Transformation, Female Employment Absorption, Panel Data, Error Correction Model (ECM)

Abstract

This study analyzes the determinants of female labor absorption in modern sectors in Indonesia, utilizing provincial panel data (2020-2024) and an Error Correction Model (ECM). The results show that regional economic structure, as reflected in the modern sector's GRDP contribution, has a positive effect on women's participation in the modern sector, although the effect is small in the long run. The Gender Development Index (GDI) has a significant effect, reinforcing the role of gender equality in increasing women's participation in the modern sector. Conversely, the Open Unemployment Rate (TPT) has a negative effect, indicating that the modern sector is less able to absorb women in conditions of high unemployment. This study provides important implications for policies that encourage increased gender equality and the creation of quality jobs in the modern sector.

References

Achmad, R. I., Rifa’i, M., & Listono, A. (2021). Structural transformation and poverty eradication in East Java (A panel data approach of 38 counties). Journal of Developing Economies, 6(1), 114-122.

Allen, E. R. (2016). Analysis of trends and challenges in the Indonesian labor market (ADB Papers on Indonesia No. 16). Asian Development Bank.

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Indeks Pembangunan Gender (IPG) menurut provinsi, 2016-2022 [Tabel statistik]. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/40/463/1/indeks-pembangunan-gender-ipg-.html

Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja menurut jenis kelamin, 2010-2024 [Tabel statistik]. https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MjIwMCMy/tingkat-partisipasi-angkatan-kerja-menurut-jenis-kelamin.html

Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (2nd ed.). National Bureau of Economic Research; Columbia University Press.

Bue, M. C. L. (2022). Gender and vulnerable employment in the developing world. World Development, 157, 105938.

Cameron, L. A., Contreras Suarez, D., & Tseng, Y.-P. (2023). Women’s transitions in the labour market as a result of childbearing: The challenges of formal sector employment in Indonesia (IZA Discussion Paper No. 16136). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

Cameron, L., Contreras Suarez, D., & Rowell, W. (2019). Female labour force participation in Indonesia: Why has it stalled? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(2), 157-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1530727

Chiplunkar, G., et al. (2025). Gender barriers, structural transformation, and economic development (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper). World Bank.

Doeringer, P. B., & Piore, M. J. (1971). Internal labor markets and manpower analysis. D. C. Heath.

Hatiku, G. P. (2017). Women’s labor force participation analysis on formal and informal sectors in Indonesia [Master’s thesis, Universitas Airlangga].

Hendarmin, H., & Wahyudi, S. T. (2023). Structural transformation patterns and factors that influenced: The case in Indonesia. Jurnal Economia, 19(1), 112-126.

International Labour Organization. (2004). Global employment trends for women 2004. ILO.

Kabeer, N. (1999). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435-464. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125

Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. (2020). Rencana strategis Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak tahun 2020-2024. KemenPPPA.

Klimczuk, A. (2016). Dual labor market. In Encyclopedia of gerontology and population aging. Springer.

Kuhn, M., et al. (2024). Female employment and structural transformation (IZA Discussion Paper No. 17118). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).

Kurniawan, D., et al. (2025). The influence of Generation Z to women’s labor participation in Indonesia. Proceedings of ICOBEST 2025.

Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139-191.

Nanga, M., & Widjaja, W. (2024). Structural transformation in the Indonesian economy: Why does financial development matter? Ekuilibrium: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 19(2), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.24269/ekuilibrium.v19i2.2024.pp213-222

Niemi, B. (1974). The female-male differential in unemployment rates. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 27(3), 331-350.

Nisaurrohmah, A. (2025). Pengaruh indeks pembangunan gender, angka partisipasi sekolah, dan tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Jurnal Media Akademik, 10(1), 45-58.

Sander, F. G., & Yoong, P. S. (2021). Structural transformation and labor productivity in Indonesia: Where are all the good jobs? World Bank.

Sari, D. P. (2024). Fenomena indeks pembangunan gender (IPG) dan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Regional Unimal, 3(1), 1-15.

Sasongko, G., Huruta, B. E., & Huruta, A. D. (2020). Female labor force participation rate in Indonesia: An empirical evidence from panel data approach. Management and Economics Review, 5(1), 136-146. https://doi.org/10.24818/mer/2020.06-12

Setiani, S. A. (2024). Pengaruh tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja dan kemiskinan terhadap indeks pembangunan gender di Kawasan Teluk Tomini. Jurnal Studi Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 1(3), 125-136.

Sofa, W. A., & Eschachasthi, R. (2024). Digital adoption and women in the labor market: Indonesia’s case. Journal of Developing Economies, 9(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.20473/jde.v9i1.39475

Suryahadi, A., Marshan, J. N., & Indrio, V. T. (2018). Structural transformation and the release of labor from agriculture. In Employment diagnostic study for Indonesia (Book chapter). The SMERU Research Institute & Asian Development Bank.

World Bank. (2023). Strengthening the ecosystem for women in the workforce in Indonesia [Event brief]. World Bank.

Yildirim, Z. (2014). The unemployment rate and labor force participation rate nexus for female: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(5), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n5p139